Making an offer on a house

Ah, the offer! Cinematically speaking, this is a key turning point. We’d forgive you if you imagined, say, putting a hand on your agent’s shoulder and whispering (in your best Vito Corleone) that you’re going to make the seller an offer they can’t refuse. In reality, making an offer on a house isn't that simple — or dramatic.

Your offer marks the beginning of a typically with a separate real estate agent advising each of you.

The more intentional you are about your offer, the better your chances of making a successful bid. Follow these nine steps, and you’ll be well prepared.

#1 Know Your Limits

Your agent will help you craft an offer. You can trust your agent’s advice on price, contingencies, and other terms of the deal: It’s a mutually beneficial relationship. The more collaborative you are with your agent, the more quickly you may be able to move.

But ultimately, you will decide what the offer will be, and you know what your financial and lifestyle limits are. Buying a home involves mixing strong emotions with business savvy, so now is also a good time to reflect on your must haves.

Have a top limit for your offer price because you’re also saving for retirement and love beach vacations? Stick to it.

If the property you're considering is governed by a homeowners association, check on the following:

Want a vegetable garden or to paint your home’s exterior purple? Make sure your HOA rules permit it or avoid an HOA-governed property altogether.
Besides reading HOA rules, find out how much the HOA has in reserves to cover common area repairs. You don't want to be unexpectedly slapped with a special assessment.
Want a dog-friendly community? Make sure there are no pet weight limits preventing you from sharing space with your (extra-large)

#2 Learn to Speak 'Contract'

Essentially, an offer is a contract. The documents and wording vary across the country.

In the spirit of due diligence, take time to review sample offer forms before you’ve found a house. (LawDepot.com has purchase agreements for each state.) If you'd feel more comfortable with an extra level of information, a real estate attorney can explain the documents to you. That way, you'll be familiar with the vocabulary when you and your agent are ready to make an offer. Your agent will have offer forms for your state.

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#3 Set Your Price

Homes always have a listing price. Think of it as the seller’s opening bid in your negotiation to buy a home.

When you, as the buyer, make an offer, it will include an offer price. This is the first thing home sellers look at when they receive a bid.

Your agent will research and report on comps, or comparables, to help you determine whether the seller’s listing price is fair. The process involves comparing the house you’re bidding on to similar properties that recently sold and are in the same neighborhood.

Several factors can also affect your bargaining position and offer price. For example, if the home has been sitting on the market for a while or you’re in a buyer’s market, where supply exceeds demand, the seller may accept an offer below the list price. Or, if the seller has already received another offer on the home, that may impact the price you offer. Your agent will help you understand the context.

#4 Figure Out Your Down Payment

To get a mortgage, you have to make a down payment on your loan. For conventional loans (as opposed to government loans), making a 20% down payment enables borrowers to avoid having to pay private mortgage insurance. This monthly premium protects the lender in case the borrower defaults on the loan.

But 20% isn’t always feasible — or even necessary. In fact, the typical down payment in 2023 was 8% for first-time buyers and 19% for repeat buyers, according to the National Association of REALTORS®. Your lender will help you determine the best down payment amount for your finances. Depending on the type of loan you get, you may be able to put down as little as 0% on your mortgage.

You might qualify for one of the more than more than 2,500 programs available from state and local governments, charities, and private lenders to help meet your down payment requirements. Find out more about down payment assistance programs in your state.

You can use an online mortgage calculator to see how different down payments would affect your mortgage premiums and how much interest you'll pay.

#5 Show the Seller You’re Serious: Make a Deposit

An earnest money deposit, or EMD, is the sum of money you put down to show the seller you’re serious (read: earnest) about buying the house. If the seller accepts your offer, the earnest money will go toward your down payment at closing. However, if you try to back out of the deal, you might have to forfeit the cash to the seller.

A standard EMD is 1% to 3% of the sales price of the home (so, that would be $3,000 to $9,000 on a $300,000 loan). But depending on how hot your market is, you may want to put down more earnest money to compete with other offers.

In most cases, the title company is responsible for holding the earnest money in an escrow account. If the deal falls through, the title company will disburse the funds appropriately based on the terms of the sales contract. Title companies also check for defects or liens on a seller’s title to make sure it can be transferred cleanly to you.

#6 Review the Contingency Plans

Most real estate offers include contingencies — provisions that must be met before the transaction can go through. If not, the buyer is entitled to walk away from the deal with their EMD.

For example, let's say an offer says the contract is contingent on a home inspection. The buyer will have a set number of days after the offer is accepted to have the property inspected by a licensed or certified property inspector.

If the home inspector identifies problems with the house, the buyer can ask the seller to make repairs. But most repairs are negotiable. The seller may agree to some but say no to others. Or the seller may offer a price reduction or a credit at closing, based on the cost of the repairs. Your real estate agent can offer value and counsel on what you should ask the seller to fix.

Keep your eye on the big picture. If you and the seller are bickering over a $500 repair to the hardwood floors, that’s a drop in the bucket relative to the size of the bid.

Other Common Contingencies

In addition to the aforementioned home inspection contingency, other common contingencies include:

A financing contingency, which gives home buyers a specified amount of time to get a loan that will cover the mortgage.
An appraisal contingency, in which the lender hires a third-party appraiser to evaluate the fair-market value of the home. This validates that the home is worth enough money to serve as collateral for the value of the mortgage.
A clear title contingency, where the buyer’s title company verifies that the seller is the sole owner of the property and can legally convey ownership to the buyer.
A home sale contingency, where the transaction depends on the sale of the buyer’s current home.

Although contingencies can offer protection to buyers, they can also make offers less appealing to the seller. That's because they give buyers legal ways to exit the sale without any financial repercussions. So, if you’re going up against multiple offers, having fewer contingencies can give you an edge over the competition.

In other words, a chill offer is an attractive offer. But keep in mind you have to be comfortable with the risks of this strategy. If you don’t have a financing contingency, for example, and you can’t get a mortgage, you’d likely lose your earnest money deposit, since you’re on the hook. That outcome is decidedly unchill for you.

#7 Read the Fine Print About the Property

The sales contract states key information about the property, such as the address, the tax ID, and the types of utilities: public water or private well, gas or electric heating, and so on. It also includes a section specifying what personal property and fixtures the seller agrees to leave behind, like appliances, lighting fixtures, and window treatments. The seller provides prospective buyers with a list of these items before the buyers submit an offer. This can be another area of negotiation.

Carefully reviewing the property description also helps you know, for example, if the seller plans to take that unattached kitchen island with them when they move. Stranger things have happened.

#8 Make a Date to Settle

The sales contract you submit to the seller must include a proposed settlement date confirming when the transaction will be finalized. The clock starts as soon as the purchase agreement is signed. If you don’t close on time, the party that’s responsible for the delay may have to pay the other party in the form of “penalty interest” at a predetermined rate.

A 30- to 60-day settlement period is common because it gives the typical home buyer time to complete a title search and obtain mortgage approval. However, settlement periods can vary. Some sellers, for example, prefer a longer period so they have more time to move or look for their next house. Being flexible about the closing date could give you more negotiating power in some area of the deal.

One thing that’s the same no matter where you live is that you’ll have a three-business-day period before settlement to review the closing disclosure, or CD. This five-page form states your final loan terms and closing costs.

Once the sales contract is signed, the parties can change the settlement date if they both sign an addendum specifying the new day.

#9 Brace Yourself for a Counteroffer

If you’re making a lowball bid or going up against multiple offers, the seller may decide to make you a counteroffer — a purchase agreement with new terms, such as a higher sales price or fewer contingencies.

At that point, you can accept the new contract, make your own counteroffer to the sellers, or walk away.

Don’t panic: The next part of our guide walks you through the counteroffer process and offers strategies to give you more negotiating power.

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